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Introduction@#In a worldwide, the mortality rate of non-communicable disease is approximately 41 million in each year which is equivalent to 74 percent of total mortality. In 2018, total of 19776 incidences per 10.000 populations were registered and in 2019, it increased to 26781 incidences which means by 7035 incidences and 26.3 percent among workers who work in railway staffs. Therefore, the risk factors for cardiovascular disease are likely to be high among the employees of the “Passenger depot of railway” organization, which has a long-term occupation.@*Goal@#We aimed to study and evaluate risk factors of cardiovascular disease among staff at Passenger depot of Railway. @*Materials and Method@#The study was conducted by using descriptive, cross sectional design and 303 staff was chosen by systematic random sampling method from total of 1380 staff at “Passenger depot of Railway”. After the participants were briefed on the purpose and significance of the survey, they were asked to participate in the survey at their own request, to explain that the information would be used only for research purposes, and to obtain consent and signatures from each individual. Moreover, data information was collected by questionnaires regarding risk factors of cardiovascular disorders and performing physical and laboratory examination. Using WHO/ISH risk prediction charts for 14 WHO epidemiological sub-regions (charts in color) 2014. That indicates 10-year risk of a fatal or non-fatal major cardiovascular disease over the next 10 years in 140 participants more than 40 years old discovered. The table divides the WHO member countries into six regions and selects them based on which region they belong. Finally, statistical analysis of the survey results was performed using SPSS 26.0 software to determine the mean, standard deviation, and distribution percentages, determine the group differences, and test them for P values.@*Result @#In the current study, total of 303 individuals aged between 20-56 years were included and the mean age was 37.8±8.9. Furthermore, 9.6% (n=29) were males, 90.4% (n=274) were females (p=0.017). When assessing the 5 common risk factors of cardiovascular disease, 36.6% of the participants reported smoking, 93.8% had inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables, 81.2% did not perform high-intensity exercise, 51.2% were overweight and obese and 29.4% had high blood pressure. Interestingly, the determination of central obesity in normal BMI group and underweight group showed 86.1% of the normal BMI group had central obesity, while without abdominal obesity participants composed only 14.9% (p<0.003). Using WHO/ISH risk prediction charts indicate 10-year risk of a fatal or non-fatal major cardiovascular disease over the next 10 years in 140 participants more than 40 years old discovered a majority of participants (97%) had a risk of less than 10%, whereas 2.3% of them had a risk of ranging 10-19% and 0.8% had a risk of 30-39%. Among the most common risk factors for cardiovascular disease, 88.1% had a combination of 3 or more risk factors and 11.9% had 1 or 2 risk factors. Unfortunately, there was no risk-free individuals.@*Conclusion@#</br>1. Common cardiovascular risk factors among employees of passenger wagon depot included inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables, lack of exercise, stress, overweight and obesity. </br>2. Employees of the “Passenger Wagon Depot” need to take certain measures in the future due to the fact that half of the year is spent on the road due to working conditions, sleep disturbance, not being able to eat healthy and it is not possible to follow a healthy lifestyle.
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IntroductionThe imported food products are more than 60 percent of total food consumption of Mongolia. Thelead residue in food products causes chronic and acute poisoning to the human health when exceedsmaximum residues limits, and human exposure and significant public health problems in many partsof the world.GoalTo assess lead residues and health risk of some commonly consumed imported food productsamong Mongolian population.Objectives:1. To determine consumption of some imported food products of Mongolian population;2. To investigate lead residue in some commonly consumed imported food products;3. To assess potential health risk related lead residue.Materials and MethodsThe research used analytic study of cross-sectional study design. Randomly selected 1290 people’simports food consumption was analyzed by questionnaire and body weight measurements. Tooksamples from 145 import products, identified lead residue with Academy of Sciences Soil ResearchLaboratory`s, ASS (USA, 2002) equipment.Results60.7% of imported food samples were lead residues exceeded to Maximum Residues Limits, suchus mean lead residues in meat product were 1.55 mg/kg, in milk product 1.22 mg/kg, in cerealproducts 1.15 mg/kg, in vegetables 1.57 mg/kg, in fruit and fruit juice 1.03 mg/kg, in alcohols drink1.31 mg/kg, and in tea 1.93 mg/kg (p=0.001). Estimated Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI)of lead exposure for survey responses was 0.079mg/kg body weight.Conclusions:1. 60.7% of imported food samples were lead residues exceeded to Maximum Residues Limits,such us mean lead residues in meat product, milk products, fruits and vegetables.2. Imported vegetables (54.0%), cereal 8.4% products (15.5%), fruit and fruit juice (11.8%), andmilk products (8.4%) is main contributing to lead residues in imported food.3. Estimated Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) of lead exposure for survey responseswas 0.079mg/kg body weight, which is 3.2 times higher than toxicological guidance (PTWI 0.025mg/kg per 1 kg human body weight) and the high health risk level.
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Like other crops, fruits and vegetables are attacked by pests and diseases during production andstorage leading to damages that reduce the quality and the yield. In order to reduce the loss andmaintain the quality of fruits and vegetables harvest, pesticides are used together with other pestmanagement techniques during cropping to destroy pests and prevent diseases. The presenceof pesticide residues is a concern for consumers because pesticides are known to have potentialharmful effects to other non-targeted organisms than pests and diseases. The major concerns aretheir toxic effects such as interfering with the reproductive systems and fetal development as wellas their capacity to cause cancer and asthma. Some of the pesticides are persistent and thereforeremain in the body causing long term exposure.Pesticides can be classified based upon their biological mechanism function or application methods;arsenic content, organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, mercury content.Glyphosate is the active ingredient in herbicide formulations containing it. Human acute toxicity isdose related. Acute fatal toxicity has been reported in deliberate overdose. Epidemiological studieshave not found associations between long term low level exposure to glyphosate and any disease.The purpose of pesticide monitoring programs is to ensure that in fruits and vegetables do not exceedmaximum residues levels (MRLs) allowed by the government, no misuse of pesticides that couldresult in unexpected residues in food and that good agricultural practices (GAP) are maintained. Theresults from these monitoring programs are also used by regulatory bodies for future developmentsin setting MRLs and risk assessment exercises for public health.The MRLs are always set far below levels considered to be safe for humans. It should be understoodthat MRLs are not safety limits, a food residue can have higher level than MRL but can still be safefor consumption. Safety limits are assessed in comparison with acceptable daily intake (ADI) forshort term exposure or acute reference dose (ARfD).Nowadays, the pesticides imported 657 000-1 079 000 tn. in each year by Custom Agency ofMongolia[⁵²] and still unenforced Pest monitoring program, Pest management in the agriculture.
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Introduction. Malnutrition has a negative impact on the physical and intellectual development which can further affect health, living potentials and the quality of life. A lack of a sustained decrease in low birth weight and young child malnutrition is associated with the failure to provide nutritious food in adequate quantities to pregnant and breastfeeding women and children up to two years of age. The most recent estimate from the 2005 MICS survey of the prevalence of wasting is 2.8 percent, stunting is 26.8 percent, and underweight is 7.4 percent among children aged 0-59 months in Mongolia.Goal. To assess the current nutritional status of 0-59 months old children of Mongolia, and identify next steps to improve child nutrition.Materials and Methods. This cross-sectional survey was conducted in 21 aimags of 4 economic regions of the country and in the city Ulaanbaatar. A total of 706 children aged 0-59 months were selected from sampled households. Interviews, anthropometric measurements and clinical examinations were used in the survey.Results. The distribution of length/height-for-age Z-scores of the surveyed children was shifted to the left compared to the WHO Child Growth Standard. The weighted average z-score and its standard deviation was 0.78±1.5, which is characteristic of high proportion of "short" children in Mongolia. Of the surveyed children, 15.6% (95%CI 12.7¬18.9) were stunted about one-third of stunted children had severe stunting. The prevalence of stunting was highest in the Western Region, the differences between this region and all other regions were statistically significant. Rural children had statistically significantly prevalence rates of overall stunting, moderate stunting, and severe stunting compared to their urban counterparts. Underweight and stunting were much more prevalent in children who had a low birth weight. Of those with a low birth weight, 35.5% (95%C118.4- 57.3) were underweight and 54.1% (95%CI 35.3-71.8) stunted, but there were no wasted children.Conclusions:1. In rural area the prevalence of stunting among in 0-59 months old children was highest than urban area's children.2. The prevalence of stunting was highest in the Western Region and remains at "high" level according to WHO classification.3. Underweight and stunting were much more prevalent in children who had a low birth weight4. The high rate of stunting among under five year olds is likely related to dietary behavior, and requires further study and intervention efforts.
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Abstract: The beneficial influence of many foodstuffs and beverages including fruits, vegetables, tea, red wine, coffee, and cacao on human health has been recently recognized to originate from the chain-breaking antioxidant activity of natural polyphenols, significant constituent of the above products. Therefore antioxidants have received increasing attention within biological, medical, nutritional, and agrochemical fields and resulted in the requirement of simple, convenient, and reliable antioxidant capacity determination methods. Many methods which differ from each other in terms of reaction mechanisms, oxidant and target/probe species, reaction conditions, and expression of results have been developed and tested in the literature. In this review, the methods most widely used for the determination of antioxidant capacity are evaluated, presenting the general principals, recent applications, and their strengths and limitations. Conclusion: In this review, numerous antioxidant capacity methods, which differ from each other in terms of reaction mechanisms, oxidant and target/probe species, reaction conditions, and expression of results. It is important that analysis conditions, substrate, and concentration of antioxidants should simulate real food or biological systems. The total antioxidant capacity value should include assays applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants and regards the similarity and differences of both HAT and ET. The assays including various ROS/RNS such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite, nitric oxide, nitric dioxide have to be designed to comprehensively evaluate the antioxidant capacity of a sample.